Texas v. Johnson Essay - 1628 Words

Texas v. Johnson (No. 88-155). Argued: March 21, 1989. Decided: June 21, 1989 In 1984 the Republican National Convention was held in Dallas, Texas. While there, a group of protesters, opposed to President Reagans reelection, burned an American flag. Specifically, Greg Johnson was seen dousing the flag with kerosene and lighting it on fire. Johnson was arrested under a Texas flag desecration law. He was convicted and sentenced to one year in jail and fined $2000. The State Court of Appeals affirmed but the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals reversed the decision. The court first found that Johnsons actions were protected under the free speech clause under the†¦show more content†¦The act for which appellant was convicted was clearly speech contemplated by the First Amendment. The court also stated that, Recognizing that the right to differ is the centerpiece of our First Amendment freedoms, the court explained, a government cannot mandate by fiat a feeling of unity in its citizens. Therefore, that very same government cannot carve out a symbol of unity and prescribe a set of approved messages to be associated with that symbol when it cannot mandate the status or feeling the symbol purports to represent. The Supreme Court found that the states first interest of preserving the flag as a symbol of national unity was not made. The state had not shown that the flag was in danger of being stripped of its symbolic value, the Texas court also decided that flags special status was not endangered by Johnsons actions. The court also concluded that that the flag-desecration statute was not drawn narrowly enough to encompass only those flag burnings that were likely to result in a serious disturbance of the peace. The flag burning in this particular case did not threaten such a reaction. There were only a few witnesses to the act that stated that they were upset with the action but were not harmed in any way. There was no breach of peace nor does the record reflect that the situation was potentially explosive. Just because someone wasShow MoreRelatedEssay on Case Analysis Texas V. Johnson1292 Words   |  6 Pages________________________________________ 491 U.S. 397 Texas v. Johnson CERTIORARI TO THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TEXAS ________________________________________ No. 88-155 Argued: March 21, 1989 --- Decided: June 21, 1989 This case analysis of Texas v. Gregory Lee Johnson was a Supreme Court case that overthrew bans on damaging the American flag in 48 of the 50 states. Gregory Lee Johnson participated in a political demonstration during the 1984 Republican National Convention in Dallas, Texas, where he burned the AmericanRead More texas v. johnson case brief Essay487 Words   |  2 Pages U.S. Supreme Court TEXAS v. JOHNSON, 491 U.S. 397 (1989) 491 U.S. 397 Citation: nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Johnson was convicted of desecration of a venerated object in violation of a Texas statute. Date Decided: nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;June 21, 1989 Facts of case: nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;At the 1984 Republican National Convention in Dallas, Texas, Johnson decided to burn an American flag in protest of some policies made by the Reagan administration and some Dallas corporationsRead MoreTexas V. Johnson. The Case Texas V. Johnson Happened In774 Words   |  4 PagesTexas v. Johnson The case Texas v. Johnson happened in 1984, Gregory Lee Johnson burned an American flag to protest President Ronald Reagan in front of the convention center in Dallas, Texas. He was a member of the Revolutionary Communist Youth Brigade (Texas v. Johnson in 1989: Summary, Decision Significance, Stephen Benz). During the 1984 Republican National Convention, he participated in a political demonstration. The demonstrators were protesting the policies of the Reagan Administration.Read MoreThe Case Texas V. Johnson782 Words   |  4 PagesAngel Deng Ms. Crouse US Government Period 6 Texas v. Johnson The case Texas v. Johnson happened in 1984, Gregory Lee Johnson burned an American flag to protest President Ronald Reagan in front of the convention center in Dallas, Texas. He was a member of the Revolutionary Communist Youth Brigade (Texas v. Johnson in 1989: Summary, Decision Significance, Stephen Benz). During the 1984 Republican National Convention, he participated in a political demonstration. The demonstrators were protestingRead MoreDiscussing Texas V. Johnson Essay1632 Words   |  7 PagesDiscussing Texas v. Johnson This paper will dive in and analyze the decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in the case, Texas v. Johnson, and the still active controversy among the public concerning what circumstances state governments and the federal government have the right to constitutionally prohibit the burning or other form of desecration to the American Flag. Under its decision in Texas v. Johnson the later ruling in the case of United States v. Eichman, in 1990, the Supreme Court had ruledRead MoreThe Opposing case of Texas v. Johnson1218 Words   |  5 PagesCourt’s decision on the case of Texas v. Johnson has been a controversial one, as it involves the burning of our national symbol, the American flag. It leads to the question: Does the desecration of the American flag a way of expressing speech that is protected by the first amendment? Shouldnt the destruction of a true American symbol be protected and preserved, as it is a symbol that represents our country? There is a great amount of critici sm that Texas v. Johnson has been faced with; most of whichRead MoreCase Analysis : Texas V. Johnson Essay801 Words   |  4 PagesElloheim Tucker CRJ 201 Fall 2016 Dr. Cretacci I. Name: Texas v. Johnson II. Legal Citation: 491 U.S. 397 (1989) III. Statement Facts: The respondent was involved in a political demonstration where he had drenched the American flag with kerosene and lit it on fire. Respondent was charged and convicted of the illegal act of desecration of the flag. The criminal appeals reversed the conviction and said that petitioner could not prosecute the respondent for burning the flag as a part of politicalRead MoreIs Flag Burning Protected By The First Amendment?1617 Words   |  7 PagesFlag burning is a controversial topic and a topic that has been debated on for decades. I will begin this paper with some background on flag protection and conclude with an analysis on the Supreme Court decisions made in the cases of Texas v. Johnson and United States v. Eichman, which both struck down state and federal flag protection laws. While the act of flag burning is legal for the time being, the legality and future of flag burning is very much still in question because of there are individualsRead MoreThe Flag Of The United States903 Words   |  4 Pageslaws only lasted until 1989, because  in 1989, in the Texas v Johnson case,  the United States Supreme Court recognized that flag desecration as a form of symbolic political speech that is constitutionally protected by First Amendment and agreed that the â€Å"government may not prohibit the expression of an idea simply because society finds the idea itself offensive or disagreeable†( ). In 1984, during the Republican National Convention in Dallas Texas, a group of protesters gathered to stage a politicalRead MoreSpeech Free Speech On The Freedom Of Speech1380 Words   |  6 Pagescontroversial topic and a topic that has been debated on for decades. I will begin this paper with some background on flag burning and conclude with an analysis on the Supreme Court decisions made primarily in the cases of Texas v. Johnson 491 U.S. 397 (1989) and United States v. Eichman 496 U.S. 310 (1990), which both struck down state and federal flag protection laws. While the act of flag burning is legal for the time being, the legality and future of flag burning is very much still in question

A Critique of Theoretical Models Free Essays

In How to help people change, Dr. Jay Adams (1986) does not present a model of counseling per se. Instead, he provides an analysis, better yet and interpretation 2 Timothy 3:16. We will write a custom essay sample on A Critique of Theoretical Models or any similar topic only for you Order Now The interpretation is presented definitively as the sole method of acceptable counseling from a Christian and biblical context. One major flaw in his work is the underlying theological presupposition that only Christian people utilizing the framework he outlines can offer a process for counseling that results in what he calls acceptable change. Another unreasonable position held by Adams is the idea that change is only acceptable if it is â€Å"toward God† (p. 6). While this is certainly true in regards to salvation and the biblical directive to be a living sacrifice before God (NASB, Romans 12:1), even Jesus acknowledged that both the righteous and the unrighteous live under some measure of God’s grace and benefit (Matthew 5:45). It is unsustainable to hold a position that unredeemed persons are not able to observe God’s purpose and design in humanity and offer some level of help, in the context of counseling, even if it is not totally in alignment with God’s Word. I admire Adams stance and value on Scripture. In his book, he presents a view of the Bible that is an essential inhabitant of the Judeo-Christian worldview and value system. Nevertheless, he does not allow for elements of God’s truth to be discovered or evaluated from a perspective outside of the pages of Scripture. Adams says that â€Å"if it is a truth that is necessary to counseling, it will be found already in a purer form in the Bible† (p. 39). Honestly, one nearly has to reject intellectual credibility to formulate this type of statement because the Bible simply does not address a lot of issues tackled in the therapeutic sessions today. I wonder what would be Adam’s solution for a client’s disorderly and unrestrained sexual addictive behavior. The first solution would be to direct them to the Bible verses that as a Christian, they already know. Another solution would be to remind them that they should be reading the Bible and praying more than ever. In reality, if neither of those approaches work, then the nouthetic counseling approach would conclude that a person is one whom God has turned over to their own â€Å"degrading passions† (NASB, Romans 1: 26) thus breaking fellowship with them. Logically, one could see and would reason that sexual addictive behavior is rooted in an intimacy disorder, therefore once that is understood, biblical principles and theological understandings should under-gird the counselor’s approach to helping a counselee work towards healthy healing with the dilemma. According to Adams (1986), â€Å"†¦people must first hear the gospel, believe, and be saved† (p. 12). Seriously, this cannot be the first step in a counseling model. I believe that it would be a desired goal and that it could even be the best. Conversely, the counselor must meet a person where he or she is in life. Furthermore, it may be that a therapeutic relationship of trust must be built before the counselor even has an opportunity to introduce the idea of a relationship with Christ. In addition, even though it sounds unspiritual to say, the counselor must accept that some people are able to adjust and live well as non-Christian persons. They may not end up going to Heaven, but we cannot deny that some non-Christians live seemingly fulfilled lives. Dr. William Backus and Marie Chapian (2000) offer a good biblically based cognitive-behavior resource for dealing with feeling based concerns where cognitive awareness exists or is readily accessible in their book Telling Yourself the Truth. In addition, this writing provides a good dialogue about a Christian perspective concerning a person’s self-worth. However, there are some basic flaws in the model of Christian counseling as presented by Backus and Chapian. It is not acceptable to present the concept of â€Å"attitude† as if it only involves cognition (p. 16). In addition, Backus and Chapian offers a very simplistic understanding regarding triggers. It is doubtful that a counselor who works with persons involved in addictive behavior and sexual brokenness concerns would agree with Backus and Chapian’s etiology of self-hate. The most troublesome aspect of this model is their idea that â€Å"misbeliefs are the direct cause of emotional turmoil and maladaptive behavior† (p. 17). This statement alone demonstrates that Backus and Chapian do not understand developmental processes and that their perception concerning the impending impact of childhood experiences is feeble, at best. It is almost an absurdity to conclude that the primordial mental representations, including feelings, which are the basis for the characterological development of a person, language and socialization, are â€Å"caused by what we tell ourselves about our circumstances† (p. 17). Even with such flaws, it is agreed that Backus and Chapian’s model is useful in a cognitive-behavioral context concerning many adult concerns. In positioning their model of counseling as more appropriate than secular methods, Backus and Chapian state that â€Å"many excellent scientific investigations have demonstrated that it is entirely unnecessary to uncover the childhood antecedents of current behaviors in order to change them† (p. 25). However, there was no citation or reference provided to document existence of such scientific studies. Consistent with Adams, Backus and Chapian ascribe to the theological position that â€Å"Jesus taught that the truth has freeing power† (p. 181). However, Jesus actually said, â€Å"You shall know the Truth and the Truth shall set you free† (NASB, John 8:32). While Jesus was referring to His spoken word, it is also important to remember that according to John 1:1, Jesus is the Word and the context of John 8:32 presents Jesus as the light of the world. Both writings overemphasize the importance of the Word of God to the point of minimizing the importance of a relationship with Jesus. Backus and Chapian’s model, as does Adams’ models, fall short in a range of areas with scores of rationales. One area where the two counseling models are inadequate is in working with trauma-based concerns. There is no consideration for fear-based trauma memories resulting in cynical planning which bypasses cognitive function. Further there is no consideration in either counseling model for understanding concerns where the etiology of a problem is rooted in an attachment disorder. Of course cognitive-behavioral methods are appropriate in dealing with such concerns. However, it is inadequate to conclude that the sole method of treating attachment pathology is a focused effort towards changing one’s thinking process. It is interesting that neither Adams nor Backus attempted to provide a framework for personality organization when presenting their counseling model. Rather, they both expend a great deal of effort in standing against the writings and views of others. It would be desirable that evangelical authors would stop writing about what everyone in the Psychology field is doing wrong. Instead, it would be helpful to develop a theory or model of personality and counseling that all Christian persons could work towards maturing and developing. It seems wasteful to continue presenting emotionally charged views against others at the expense of building our own Christian understandings. References Adams, J. E. (1986). How to help people change: The four-step biblical process. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. Backus, W. Chapian, M. (2000). Telling yourself the truth: Find your way out of depression, anxiety, fear, anger, and other common problems by applying the principles of misbelieve therapy. Minneapolis, MN: Bethany House Publishers. How to cite A Critique of Theoretical Models, Papers

Development of Sri Lanka Essay Sample free essay sample

â€Å"As the Government Agent of the District I was gazetted as a Deputy Director for Cooperative Development. This had been done with the thought of the Government Agent oversing the Assistant Commissioner of Cooperatives and the work of the Cooperative Department in the District for the intent of implementing the agricultural development programme. I usurped the full powers of a Deputy Director of Cooperatives and ordered the President of the Morawaka Cooperative Union to utilize financess available with the Coop Union and set up the industry and acquire down to fabricating crayons. I forbid the Assistant Commissioner of Cooperatives from informing his foreman. the Commissioner of Cooperatives in Colombo. who could hold shot down my activities. The Commissioner was a close friend of mine but no rebel and I was certain that he would non O.K. my action. I had to maintain him in the dark. Sumanapala Dahanayke the President of the Coop Union. We will write a custom essay sample on Development of Sri Lanka Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page the rebel he was. he readily agreed and we got down to set up the industry. Twenty unemployment young persons were recruited and the Coop Union purchased the necessary equipment. More young persons were employed for packing and managing. The industry was established and we got down to the devising of crayons ; labels and boxes were hurriedly printed and crayons packages were produced to make full a big room. This was done really rapidly. working twenty-four hours and dark because secretiveness was a premier necessity. If the Ministry of Plan Implementation got air current of the undertaking they could halt it immediately. keep an enquiry and penalize me. The undertaking was to set up the fabrication unit. do good quality crayons and to demo them to identify Cabinet Ministers and acquire them involved so that they could stand up for me in instance there was a job. The Minister for Industries Mr T. B. Subasinghe was surprised when shown the crayons that were produced and readily agreed to open the gross revenues. With that we felt safe. With the startup of the gross revenues. the industry came to the unfastened and the success in production and gross revenues richly justified the fact that no Ministry blessing had been obtained. The Ministry of Plan Implementation had to eat low pie and eventually the crayon mill. established without authorization in a damp clandestine mode. gained the full blessing of the Government†¦ This crayon industry was a expansive success which paid up the entire spending in the first six months of its operation. After I left the Administrative Service in April 1973. the industry continued under the able way of Sumanapala Dahanayake the President of the Coop Union boulder clay 1977 when the new Government interfered. Any good industry established by the former authorities was anathema to the new Government and the new Government sent a Deputy Director of Cooperatives. N. T. Ariyaratne with specific instructions to happen mistake with this industry so that they could take action against Sumanapala Dahanayake. the President of the Coop Union. the earlier member of parliament. who had established the industry under my way and had with the young person collaborators managed it in a commercially feasible mode. Mr Ariyaratne had found the industry in proper order to the full commercially feasible and this saved Mr. Dahanayake. However. the crayon industry had to shut down due to the onslaught of imports under the free trade policies of the new Government. At its flower from 1972 to 1977 this crayon industry did bring forth around a ten percent of the crayon demands of the state and it could easy hold been developed to bring forth non merely the country’s full demands but could hold even be developed to construct up an export trade. Full inside informations of the jobs that were faced in the constitution of the crayon industry have been given to exemplify the odds faced in set uping industries. It is non an easy undertaking to set up a new industry from abrasion. In any state when a successful industry is established it should be closely supported and guarded in the national involvement. Not so in Sri Lanka. when political competition raises its ugly head†¦ What this illustrates is that we can set up import permutation type of industries. utilizing our expertness. The function played by Rahula College. Matara and its scientific discipline instructors shows that in Colleges we have a resource which is non tapped for development. I am told that the scientific discipline lab at the Anuradhapura Madhya Maha Vidyalaya is far better equipped than Rahula College. Another fact is how everything from start to complete was done within three months. We do hold decision makers. applied scientists. alumnus and trained instructors who can execute miracles. What is required is the political will. to order that it be done. I look frontward to see that twenty-four hours.

Tracking Infant Development

Human beings go through different stages of development, from birth to when they attain maturity. There are several ways through which the development of an infant can be measured. One of the most common methods of measuring development in infants is by use of milestones.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Tracking Infant Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is common knowledge that growth and development among children usually occur at different rates and it is not surprising to find children of the same age exhibiting varying levels of development. Ideally, the disparity in levels of development is not supposed to be big among normal infants of the same age (Sigelman and Rider 133–170). A child is considered to be having a normal development profile if he or she has functional skills that match up to the set of skills that characterize ordinary kids of his or her age. A milestone is an establishe d set of skills configured for a particular age level and which children of this age must overcome to be regarded as normal. The importance of using milestones in determining the development records of infants lies in the ability of this technique to detect abnormalities in their early stages. Furthermore, efficient use of milestones can lead to timely discovery of inappropriate parenting (Sigelman and Rider 133–170). There are five major areas that need to be borne in mind when considering development milestones, these are: gross motor, fine motor, cognitive, language, and social. It is the joy of every parent to learn that their children can recognize them and even identify them by calling them daddy or mummy. This identification is only possible if the child has been mastering language skills progressively as he or she grows. The main parameters that the tracking of language skills incorporates include: speech, ability to understand what is said by others, and other commun ication skills. Walking, running, standing, and sitting are some of the activities classified under the gross motor that are executed with the help of a collection of large muscles (Sigelman and Rider 133–170). On the other hand, fine motor encompasses hand-generated activities such as, eating, writing, dressing, and drawing. Development milestones are not complete without the inclusion of cognitive capabilities which are characterized by problem-solving, learning, remembering, and understanding new concepts.Advertising Looking for essay on aging? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Finally, a comprehensive set of milestones will incorporate the social dynamics of a child, i.e., interpersonal relationships of the child and other people around him or her and the child’s ability to understand the feelings of others. The most convenient person to detect developmental milestone delay in a child is the parent or guardian. It is only after a parent or guardian has detected development anomalies in a child that the services of a paediatric expert can be sought (Sigelman and Rider 133–170). Milestone Tasks First child Second child Gross motor Turning over Raising self to sitting position The infant is able to turn over and rise to sitting position without any problem. The infant is totally unable to turn over and rise to sitting position, unless supported. Fine motor Transfer of objects Manipulation of objects The infant transfers and manipulates objects with a lot of ease. The infant does not seem to understand what is supposed to be done and puts everything in his/her hands in the mouth Language Following commands The infant swiftly follows the commands given There seems to be a problem, because the infant seems unable to understand commands Cognitive Visual tracking Sound localization The infant is attracted to sources of sound and also moves with the direction of l ight The infant is uninterested with sources of light and sound and appear to take time before reacting. Social No task observed Chart 1: Report from Dr. Thadani’s demonstration From Dr. Thadani’s demonstration, we can conclude that the age of the two infants is approximately twelve months. This conclusion is borne out of the type of tasks that the two infants have been able to accomplish. For instance, the two infants are able to sit on their own, make bubble sounds, grasp small boxes with their thumb and index fingers (Sigelman and Rider 133–170). Works Cited Sigelman, Carol K. and E. A. Rider. Life-Span Human Development, 7th ed. 2012, Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. This essay on Tracking Infant Development was written and submitted by user Nathalie Hawkins to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Workers Organization in the Late 1870s

Workers Organization in the Late 1870s Workers organization in the late 1870’s can also be referred to as labor history. This describes the history of labor that happened in the United States. Labor federations and unions evolved, split and merged in the 1870’s due to various factors. Solidarity was the main theme, individual rights and democracy.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Workers Organization in the Late 1870’s specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Early Unions Most trade unions were formed after the Civil War. The National Labor Union was the first to be formed. There were also strikes by women who worked in bad conditions in shops. They earned 1.25$ or 2$ per week. The weavers bought their thread and needles from their proprietor. There were also fines for being â€Å"few minutes late† when reporting to work. They also carried their treadle machines and if they protested, this resulted in dismissal. Often whole families wou ld work from daytime till midnight and this resulted in some illness due to dust accumulation on the tables and floors. Others worked in cold weather caused by leaking of shops from openings on the roofs. This caused women to strike and the Daughters of Liberty was formed. In 1871, they later named themselves the United Tailoresses of New York (Boark et al., 2008). They formed strikes and they succeeded in some. Order of the Knights of St. Crispin It was formed in 1867 and had 50 000 members in 1870. There was Daughters of St. Crispin which was founded in 1870. The aim of this union was to fight against the encroachment of machinery in the shoe making industry but they failed because the machines that were introduced were easy to operate. They produced more and better quality shoes than hand sewed shoes. The machines were also operated by unskilled and semi- skilled workers. Railroad Brotherhoods There was rapid growth of railroad systems in 1870. Unions sprang up and they included Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and the order of Railway Conductors. The main goals of these brotherhoods were to build medical packages and insurance policies for their members. They were centers for airing workers’ grievances. They were successful in that, they secured the Adamson Act; a law that enabled them â€Å"10 hours pay for an eight hour day† (Boark et al., 2008). They also nationalized railroads after World War 1.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Knights of Labor It was formed in 1869. It was influential, effective and regional. It accepted all laborers and producers. Terence Powderly was the leader and had political and education agenda for the group. The union was successful in that it involved women, sports, families, educational projects and leisure activities for its members. It preached cooperation and ha rmony among producers. In 1885, the union made railroad workers to win a victory over Southwestern Railway system. This was after a strike. They also tried to coordinate 1400 strikes in the country with over 600,000 workers. The strikes were either violent confrontations or peaceful (Boark et al., 2008). The workers came from coal mining, railroads and the McCormick Reaper Factory in Chicago. Afterwards, the union collapsed largely because they could not handle too much. Many knights transferred to less radical unions like the American Federation of Labor and railroad brotherhoods. American Federation of Labor It was founded in 1881 by Samuel Gompers. It had different unions. The unions’ goals included, â€Å"a national eight hour day, exclusion of foreign contract workers† and prohibited child labor. They also encouraged trade unions formation. The American Federation had success in obtaining favorable legislation but it did not have success in chartering or organizin g new unions (Boark et al., 2008). It supported the proposal of the national Labor Day holiday on every first Monday of September. It also limited its membership to wage workers unlike the Knights of Labor which welcomed non-wage workers. The Knights disappeared but AFL continued to grow even in the 19th Century. The members were primarily both skilled and unskilled workers, and African-Americans. Women were excluded since they saw that they worked for smaller wages. Conclusion There were other strikes that continued in the late1890’s and 1900 like Pullman strike. It occurred due to a reduction of wages by the Pullman Palace Car Company following an economic depression in 1890. The workers joined the American Railway Union which was led by Eugene V. Debs (Boark et al., 2008).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Workers Organization in the Late 1870’s specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This union supported th e Pullman strike by refusing to switch cars that belonged to Pullman onto trains. 125, 000 workers on 29 railroads quitted their jobs instead of handling Pullman cars. The strike was interfered by United States Marshal and 2,000 United States Army troops. Some strikers were killed, others wounded and property damaged. This led to disintegration of the American Railway Union. Some workers organizations of the 1870’s were successful and others were not. This depended on their goals. For instance, Order of the Knights of St. Crispin was unsuccessful because their aims were to fight against the introductions of machines in factories. They saw that the machines would replace them. The machines were easy to operate and produced more shoes hence their strikes failed. Other unions succeeded like Railroad Brotherhoods due to better management, solidarity and worked in harmony. References Boark, J. L. et al. (2008). The American Promise: A Compact History. 4th Ed. Bedford: St. Martinâ €™s.

Definition and Examples of Accismus in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Accismus in Rhetoric Accismus is a  rhetorical term for coyness: a form of irony in which a person feigns a lack of interest in something that he or she actually desires. Bryan Garner notes that political candidates sometimes engage in something like this tactic by declaring that they would really rather be doing something else than being engaged in public life (Garners Modern English Usage, 2016). EtymologyFrom the Greek, coyness Examples and Observations We spout figures all the time without knowing it. For instance:YOU: Oh, you shouldnt have.If you really mean it, that if they give you one more ugly, ill-fitting sweater youll have to kill them, they you have not used a figure. But if the gift is a new iPad and you can barely keep from running off and playing with it, then your oh-you-shouldnt have constitutes a figure called coyness. Cheapskates who let others pick up the tab tend to use the coyness figure.(Jay Heinrichs, Thank You for Arguing, 2nd ed. Three Rivers Press, 2013)My name is Elizabeth Urello. I currently live in Greenpoint, Brooklyn. I do not desire to be a writer/actor/comic/playwright/household name/superstar-personality, any more than I desire your good opinion. I do not desperately want more friends, and I am not badly in need of dates.(About Elizabeth, at the blog Accismus)Accismus and Courtship in Maya Angelous Heart of a WomanHe raised his voice, Bar, give us another one like that other one, then dropped his voic e. Tell me, why are you all alone? Have the men gone blind?Although I knew it was an expected move in the courting game, flirting made me uncomfortable. Each coy remark made me feel like a liar. I wiggled on the stool and giggled and said, Oh, stop.Thomas was smooth. He led, I followed; at the proper time he withdrew and I pulled forward; by the end of our introductory ceremony, I had given him my address and accepted an invitation to dinner.(Maya Angelou, The Heart of a Woman. Random House, 1981) Julius Caesars Use of Accismus. . . I saw Mark Antony offer him [Julius Caesar] a crownyet twas not a crown neither, twas one of these coronetsand as I told you, he put it by once; but, for all that, to my thinking, he would fain have had it. Then he offered it to him again; then he put it by again; but, to my thinking, he was very loath to lay his fingers off it. And then he offered it the third time; he put it the third time by; and still as he refused it, the rabblement hooted and clapped their chapped hands and threw up their sweaty night-caps.(Casca in Act 1, scene 2 of Julius Caesar, by William Shakespeare)Roone Arledges Use of Accismus to Encourage Howard Cosells Departure From ABC SportsIn the weeks following the Holmes-Cobb [boxing] debacle, rumors persisted that [sportscaster Howard Cosell] would change his mind, under pressure from ABC. But, in contrast to previous years, there was no real pressure. To the contrary, ABC was quite happy to leave him be. Had Cosell chosen to return, the executives would have had to accommodate him, something no one was eager to do now. This being the situation, Roone Arledge [president of ABC Sports] could afford to humor him. Ringing up Cosell one day, he said coyly, I understand youre not doing any more professional fights.When Cosell assented, Arledge, even more coyly, asked, Youve read your contract recently?Yes, Cosell said, and I know Im in breach of contract, Roone, and I understand that you have every right to dismiss me from the company.Arledge, biting his lip, assured him, Are you crazy? I think youve done the right thing. Congratulations!Arledge had reason to be complimentary. For him, and all of ABC Sports, the right thing was Cosell so purposefully lifting from them the burden of having to dismiss him.(Mark Ribowsky, Howard Cosell: The Man, the Myth, and the Transformation of American Sports. W.W. Norton, 2011) Demonstrating Humility: The Bishops RitualAppointing a bishop is a tricky business. To be a bishop you have to possess the Christian virtue of humility; however, if you actually are humble youll probably think youre not worthy of being a bishop and turn the job down. Even if you secretly think that youd make a splendid bishop and would look marvellous in a mitre, you cant just come out and say it. It would look bad. So you had to practise a little bit of accismus by announcing in front of the assembled company of churchmen that youd really rather not become a bishop, or, in Latin, Nolo episcopari.When you had solemnly announced this, rather than saying Oh well, thats that, I suppose, the church council would ask you a second time, and for a second time you would humbly reply Nolo episcopari. On the third go, you would say, Oh all right then, go on, or Volo episcopari or some such line of assent. You would thus have displayed your humility and got the job.However, it is dreadfully imp ortant to keep count, as if you said Nolo episcopari a third time it would be assumed that you really meant it and your chances of promotion would be forever scuppered. Its rather like the Rule of the Bellman described by Lewis Carroll in The Hunting of the Snark: What I tell you three times is true.(Mark Forsyth, Horologicon. Icon Books, 2012) A Female Virtue in the Victorian EraThe purer the golden vessel, the more readily is it bent: the higher worth of women is sooner lost than that of men. . . .Nature herself has surrounded these delicate souls with an ever-present, in-born guard, with modesty, both in speaking and hearing. A woman requires no figure of eloquenceherself exceptedso often as that of accismus.** So rhetoricians term the figure by which one speaks, without all longing, of the very objects for which one feels the strongest.(Jean Paul, Levana: Or, The Doctrine of Education, 1848) Pronunciation: ak-SIZ-mus

Exhibition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Exhibition - Essay Example The famous Bottari, who catapulted her works to the international scene and limelight, uses fabric as the main material for her work. The organization of the exhibition includes the exhibition of the retrospective works and highlights of works of Kimsooja. All the works of Kimsooja revolve around, photography installation, performance, video and object based sculpture. In all these modes of presenting her art, Kimsooja targets to address several issues that affect and pose as a challenge to the society. Her works normally question gender issues, issues affecting culture, issues concerning poverty and issues targeting global migration. The organization of the Vancouver Arts Gallery aims at giving people the chance to digest the art being displayed by Kimsooja on their own. It also opens the viewer’s minds to observe everyday activities from a three-dimension perspective. The everyday activities such as doing laundry and sewing are what she uses to create performance pieces. Her art also seeks to expose the viewers to a much deeper reflection of the human condition. The human condition involves maters to do with relationships, companionships not excluding mortality and birth. At the organization of the Kimsooja unfolding, all categories of the works of Kimsooja were put in perspective. In the use of portraits and photographs to depict messages, Kimsooja selects specific environments and places herself strategically in the photos. ‘A Needle Woman’ portrays a perfect example of her motion-photographic work. A needle is perceived as an instrument that brings pain when it encounters the body and skin through piercing. However, the needle is also used as a symbol of continuity. It enables the continuity of the fabric by joining the fabric together using a thread as the intermediary. The fabric, the needle and the thread can all be used symbolically to depict the day-to-day occurrence in a meaningful way. The work of art depicted by Kimsooja in these pieces

Management Control System at Firm Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Management Control System at Firm - Term Paper Example Western Digital Corporation has been a hard disk drive storage manufacturing pioneer. The product line of the company includes external drives for mobile desktops, laptops and other digital home entertainment products Structure (By Decentralization) One of the major features of the overall management control system is the presence of decentralization. Western Digital has understood the importance of the decentralization in the decision making system so that the sub-goals can be set and achieved. In this way each and every decision maker has become responsible for a small portion of the overall organizational objectives. The Do-it-Yourself, or DIY, culture has been intent on home grown tooling and development. Despite of the decentralization, the implementation of MCS ensures that the organizations develop rules to ensure that supervisors are aware of the authority and the subordinates are aware of the tasks to be performed and respective expectations (Ng and Dastmalchian 18). (organi zationstructure.org) Technological, regulatory, political and economic forces are changing the competitive environment (Jensen 1). Hence organizations are looking to use technology in itself to get business insights. WD is also not an exception. However, the application of technology by the organization is quite unique to say the least. The use of a home-grown job scheduling system is one example of it. The company does not use commercial Extract, Transform and Load tools. The DIY culture is not an issue of cost as the company already has expensive business intelligence tools in the form of statistical analysis software. But the internally developed solution of the company has been more responsive. The main objective of the introduction of the decentralization by WD is to tie the subunits of the company together. In order to complement such decentralization, the company has adopted a product or divisional organizational structure. Here it is be added that instead of going for proces s intervention, the organization has decided to go for structural intervention by looking to change organizational design, job design, the performance review system , etc (Sisaye 54). Planning System As far as the planning system is concerned, the company wished to restore the confidence of the employees through informal and formal communication. The organization wishes to develop a plan to incline capability beyond 40 M units. The organization expects to meet the product costs targets that achieve more than 25%; the company is set to support a quality initiative on AFR improvement. The company also has plans to review and overhaul the process control system as needed (Anthony 101). Review and Measurement System When a control system designer undertakes to review and measure the performance of the decentralized process, a number of issues are needed to be considered. The main issue is the involvement of the measurement of the performance with regard to the interdivisional transactio ns and profit. The technique used to review and measure the performance is quite similar to the ROIC performance management. The company uses the ROIC approach to assess the efficiency of capital allocation. In this way, through the return on invested capital, the company gets a sense of how well the company is actually using money to generate returns (Dent 84). However, the performance of

Nightmares. The moment of terror Essay Example for Free

Nightmares. The moment of terror Essay The moment of terror you feel when being chased by a masked killer, running for your life through a dark alley. You cry out and scream for help but no one can hear you. You fall, and before you know it, the masked killer is standing right in front of you. He pulls out an axe and you wake up drenched in sweat, realizing it was all just a nightmare. We all have experienced this moment, maybe more than once. Nightmares can be very disturbing because it is hard to understand what produces it and why it acts a certain way. Nightmare is defined as a dream during the rapid eye movement, which provokes intense negative feeling, such as panic, fear, terror, or anxiety. Everyone has experienced a nightmare one time or another in his or her lifetime. But what happens when nightmares start occurring constantly? The fact is more children experience nightmares more frequently than adults. It is estimated that 50 % of the population does not experience nightmares, according to research done by Tucker Shaw. Approximately 5 to 10% of the population only remembers nightmares once a month, but only small percentage of the population remember nightmares that are disturbing enough effect their lives. According to Freud, the first psychologist who paid much attention to dreams, stated that nightmares occur based on painful experiences of the past, to startling events that occurred in childhood and even birth itself. These alarming memories of the past left behind psychic problems that an helpless infant could not solve in that given time period. In fact, any grieving experience may leave a nightmare sufferer in angst and guilt. In this perspective, built is associated with the energy used for repetition of undesirable thoughts occurring in both real life and dreams. A person constantly dreams about â€Å"unfinished† situation until that person is able to work through their guilt or angst. Freud called this situation a repetition compulsion. This pattern was also portrayed in Shakespeare’s Macbeth. When Lady Macbeth wants Macbeth to kill the kind, first she does not feel any guilt for committing such a sin. But her guilt occurs itself in a nightmare, which makes her go insane. A physical illness can also cause nightmares, but it is not yet proven whether it is the illness or the stress that causes it. Neurological disorder can also be the cause associated with the occurrence of nightmares such as epilepsy and postencephalitic Parkinsonism. Stressful events in a person’s life such as time of midterms/finals, jobs, moves, or the loss of a significant, can all produce nightmares. One proven generalization of nightmares is that it always leaves a person feeling helpless. In frequent nightmares that involve getting chased by masked killer, or falling off a cliff, generally leaves the dreamer in distress and feeling powerless. A decrease in nightmares usually occurs as a dreamer becomes more confident, and more mature. There are some myths about nightmares that are associated with demons or evil spirits that can be the cause of these unpleasant dreams. Some people believe that a person feels an anxiety attack when a demon is pressing up against a dreamer’s chest during their sleep. These anxiety attacks occurring during sleep were considered a form of black magic, or even affiliated with possession. Some people also believe that eating something distasteful before going to sleep maybe also be the cause of it, but there isn’t any solid evidence for these myths. In psychology, there are different perspectives to nightmares. Some scholars believe that nightmares have no actual function. However, others believe that nightmares reflect the actual fears and attitudes of the dreamer. In this study, a nightmare appears as a process of events that occurred during the day. Latest study proves that dreams do have an important function. â€Å"Evidence suggests that dreaming, like most other physiologic events, is important for learning and memory processing, gives cognitive feedback about a person’s mental functioning and helps a person adapt to emotional and physical stress† (Moffitt, 1993, p. 118). The themes of nightmares seem to be quite universal. These nightmares have symbolic interpretation and show the part of personality where a problem most likely exits in real life. It seems as if nightmares have complex function. References Nightmares. 123HelpMe.com. 30 Sep 2013 . Time life books. Dreams and Dreaming. 1990 Time life Books Inc. Tucker, Shaw. Dreams. New York: 17th Street, 2000.

Molly Brangs Ten Principles :: Art Molly Brang Essays

Molly Brang's Ten Principles My picture contrasts the dark, sharp, menacing objects with the light, calm, serenity of the hand. Using Molly Bang’s ten principles, I was able to depict this evil and suspenseful moment from the story, "Sleeping Beauty." Molly Bang’s ten principles teach us how to illustrate moments from stories or poems with abstract shapes and basic colors. By applying these principles, any emotion can be expressed. Maleficent was the most challenging object in the picture. Since the whole purpose of the picture is to represent evil and suspense, I knew that she had to be black. First, she had more rounded corners and her cape was straight up and down. I obviously needed to make her look more evil. So I sharpened up every corner of her and brought her cape to a point. According to Molly Bang, "We feel more scared looking at pointed shapes; we feel more secure or comforted looking at rounded shapes or curves" (70). The extended triangle to the right represents her outreached arm. I thought this made her look as if she were in authority over the situation. This makes her appear more powerful. Generally, powerful rulers and kings extend their arms as a representation of power and authority. The more I looked at this outreached triangle and its relationship to the picture, the more I thought of her cunning and conniving ways to hide this from others. Instead of just bringing the cape straight down off the page, it is more interesting to bring it to a point. Bang says, "Diagonal shapes are dynamic because they imply motion or tension" (46). Because the pointed cape implies motion, Maleficent looks as if she is ready to pounce on Sleeping Beauty or grab her immediately after she touches the spindle. It shows that Maleficent is in suspense and on the edge of her feet waiting for Sleeping Beauty to touch the spindle. Some other details that make Maleficent stand out and look evil are her horns, size, location, and her eyes. It is obvious that the horns give her away as having the characteristic of evil and menacing. Horns are associated with the devil; therefore, these become an essential part of depicting her. Her size and location portray triumph and power. She looks as if she is secretly peering down upon Sleeping Beauty.

Food Inc. Essay

The film Food Inc. reveals the truth about the way food is produced today. The film provides countless cases of negative externalities. If a good has a negative externality, then the cost to society is greater than the cost consumer is paying for it. In other words, the marginal social cost exceeds the marginal private cost. Since consumers make a decision based on where their marginal cost equals their marginal benefit, and since they don’t take into account the cost of the negative externality, negative externalities result in market inefficiencies unless proper action is taken. Negative externalities from eating unhealthy foods are not easily quantified, as a countless number of interwoven factors come into play. While eating unhealthy food has many negative effects on the body, consuming junk food has a large impact on society and the environment. Not knowing how food is produced these days, can open the gap for diseases to be eaten by mouth. Countless negative externalities occurred throughout the film. For example, in 2001, a large number of meats were contaminated by e coli. As the contaminated meat was manufactured to fast food joints and grocery stores, e coli poisoning began to take many lives. A 2-year-old boy by the name of Kevin ate a hamburger from a fast food restaurant. Hours later, the boy caught e coli 0157:H7 and died a few days later of kidney failure and dehydration. His mother pursued Kevin’s Law, which close down plants that produce contaminated meat. Fast Food Negative Externality Graph Fast Food Negative Externality Graph = potential welfare loss = potential welfare loss The chart above represents the negative externality fast food has on society as a whole. MSC stands for marginal social cost; MPC is the marginal private cost. The black triangle represents the potential welfare loss or the â€Å"external cost† of the good. When the marginal social cost exceeds the marginal private cost, this signifies a negative effect on society. When the costs to produce the good are higher than the benefits the good brings, it is not beneficial and harms the market and lives as well. As the quantity increases, the benefit of fast food to society decreases (Q* →Q1 ). Supply and demand of fast food Supply and demand of fast food As many families struggle to get to work and don’t have the time to make a healthy dinner, fast food is often the resort taken. Demand for fast food has increased immensely as time goes on because it is a quick way to eat and be satisfied for the time being. The negative effects that arise, such as diabetes and the chance of being food poisoned are often disregarded. The chart above symbolizes the supply and demand of fast food today. As demand increases, supply decreases. D1 →D2 shows the rise in demand for fast food. S1 → S2 represents the drop in supply due to the increase in demand. As supply decreases, the price for fast food increases (P1→P2). Alternative measures can be taken to decrease the risk of obesity and chances of eating contaminated foods, including, resorting to healthier foods. The rise in demand of healthy foods, cause the price to jump. By being more aware of the foods one is consuming, you are likely to add years to your life, rather than take them away.

Research Project

Research Proposal Investigating the challenges and opportunities of Ben Trounce Candy and suggesting applicable strategies for future development of Dong A Company-owner of Ben Tree brand August 2012 1. Introduction This research is conducted in a short time, so obviously it will have limitations. The research actually focus on evaluating, collecting data and information about how prices of coconut influence on Ben Tree Coconut Candy and also on Ben Tree people. Besides, the elements such as source of materials, quality of coconuts, quantity will also be considered.The researcher is particularly interested in how company can transfer challenges to opportunities. In business, company needs to maximize profit, but it also must make sure the development can be maintained sustainable. Using analysis techniques the researcher wants to point out what company needs to do and what strategies can help company. The researcher chose to study this topic because he is aware of the importance of s ustainable development when Ben Tree province wants to maintain and develop this traditional products. 1. 1 Research background 0 General information a bout product/service linked to RESEARCH According to theOfficial Site of Ben Tree province (2012), it currently has over one hundred coconut candy enterprises, making up thirty percent of local enterprises. Altogether, they churn out (produce much more and not focus on quality) about 1 5,000 tons of products a year and dominate the local market compared to other provinces. Research Proposal-prepared by DON page 10 0 General Introduction about Market of designated products/service In domestic market, coconut candy of Ben Tree is sold in provinces and cities all over the country and it is also exported to other countries includes Asian countries, China, Australia,Europe and North America. 0 Market of the designated organization in research Ben Tree Coconut Candy is a well-known brand which is a specialty of Ben Tree. This brand was nam ed by DONG A General Production and Trading Company. The company, established in 1980, has gone through decades of development to become one of the leaders in the business of coconut candy. Starting from a staff of only 50 employees, Dong A now has over 1000 people. Ben Tree Coconut Candy is distributed to over 200 retail outlets in Vietnam and many export markets. General information about the challenges that the market and organization are acing Ben Tree is currently facing with a wave of cutting coconut. This threatens to a lot of coconut manufactures. However, there is not much study to evaluate effects of these problems. So, studying on this research is quite useful and important. It will provide fundamental assessment of current situation in Ben Tree province, some theories related to strategy for Dong A Company can apply, awareness of people in Ho Chi Mini city to assess the brand name of Ben Tree Coconut Candy. 1. Statement of problem Ben Tree, currently, has to deal with so me knotty problems. The price of dry coconut, n Ben Tree province is now VEND 12,000 – 14,000 a dozen, meaning a coconut is worth only VEND 1,200. It is only 10 per cent of the price last year and early this year, each dozen of coconuts have lost VEND 120,000 – 125,000 (Saigon Time, 2012). This leads to a result that many palms is losing as farmers cut them down to grow other trees. If company does not consider carefully, it is Research Proposal-prepared by DON Page 1 1 easy to conclude that Ben Tree Coconut Candy will have a big advantage.This is not completely right. It might also be problem because business can be lack of material n near future or even the price of coconut will be high later on. Coconut trees are not like orange, mango or panama, it cannot Just be cut down and then planted for a short time. It will take from 7 to 8 years before providing coconut fruits. So, it is like to be a threat for business, as it might increase the cost of production where is a shortage of raw materials. The second point is the threat of copyright. Recently, Ben Tree Coconut Candy must compare with other products which breach the copyright of Ben Tree.A lot of fake products are named as Ben Tree Coconut Candy. This makes customers to be infused on quality of candy from Ben Tree. Moreover, the company is also lost revenue. The threat of substitute products is now increasing. There are a lot of international companies investing into Vietnam and they bring high quality candy with famous brand. Ben Tree Coconut Candy needs to ensure the quality will always be remained at high level. 1. 3 Research objectives 1. Investigating and evaluating how price of coconut in Ben Tree province at the present effect to the Dong A Company as well as Ben Tree Coconut Candy. . Evaluate factors which will effect to the source of materials of company in the present and future. . Define purpose of customer when buying coconut candy: teenager and adult, from this apply applicable strategies to attract more customers. Page 12 4. Conduct a survey in Ho Chi Mini City to evaluate the awareness of customer as well as evaluate the brand name of Ben Tree Coconut Candy in this market. 1. 4 Research questions The following are questions which are used to define and evaluate the effect of main factors to Dong A Company as well as its product – Ben Tree Coconut Candy. . How does price of coconuts effect to price of Ben Tree Coconut Candy? What should company do to remain the price of raw materials? . What do coconut farmers act with current situation in Ben Tree province? 3. What do competitors react when the sources of material change? How do compassionateness tong A company? 4. What is main purpose of customariness buying coconut candy? 5. How many percent do customers know Ben Tree Coconut Candy brand? How do they know? 6. What are main expectations of customer toward coconut candy? 1. 5 Research methodology 1. . 1 Research approach In this research, the res earcher considers the deductive approach to analysis data. The researcher uses existed theories which will be described in â€Å"intended literature† section in order to analyses the data. Page 13 1. 5. 2 Research strategies The research focuses much on using survey. The aim of a survey is to obtain information that can be analyses in order to extract patterns and make comparisons (Bell, 1999). Describe (1998) states that the use of a survey is a research strategy rather than a research method.The strategy can include methods such as 0 questionnaires, 0 interviews, 0 documents and 0 observation. These methods will be described detail in data collection method. Source: BP Professional Education, 2010, page 39 Page 14 1. 5. 3 Research design QUANTITATIVE DATA In this research, quantitative analysis of data will be strongly focused. This design can help the researcher to be easy to evaluate, compare and present results in tables, charts or diagrams. The questions in the question naire survey will be designed as quantitative questions so that the researcher can use quantitative analysis.There are three important techniques which can be applied in the analysis: 0 Personalization: there will be a measurement scale. For example, the answer of one question will be ranked an attribute between 1 and 5 with 1 for poor and 5 for good. 0 Measurement: For example, the respondents might be asked to assess the quality of Ben Tree Coconut Candy. 0 The collected data can be broken into parts to analysis. QUALITATIVE DATA However, to make the research more accurate and effective, qualitative research is also used. Qualitative analysis is the analysis of data in a non-numerical way (BP Professional Education, 2010).The qualitative analysis is based on information from interviews. It is an unlimited number of non-standard responses. O QUANTITATIVE / QUALITATIVE DATA page 15 The follow diagram shows a brief of how problems can be analyses: Qualitative analysis Identify proble m (from survey) Suggesting solutions & making decisions Quantitative Data collection methods There are many methods to collect data. Data can be collected in a variety of way, in different settings and from different sources (Seeker, 2000). However, there are two mains categories of data: primary and secondary.Primary data The researcher uses method to collect primary data through 0 interviews and 0 questionnaires Interviews As the limitation of time, the researcher cannot conduct many interviews. There are two objects of people: coconut farmers and owner of coconut shops 0 Group 1: For coconut farmers: 0 The researcher is going to interview about 5 people. 0 They are in Bin Dad District. The interview is prepared as fully structured. It means all five people are asking the same questions. 0 The wording of the questions and their order are set.Page 16 0 Responses from coconut farmers are recoded on a standardize schedule. 0 Before going to interviews, the researcher will prepare a l ist of questions. These questions are focused on the awareness of farmer about current coconut price, what they expect and what they would like to do with their coconut palms. Group 2: For owner of coconut shops: 0 The researcher is going to interview 4 owners: 2 owners of Than Long Coconut Candy shop and 2 owners of Ben Tree Coconut Candy shop in Chaw Than District, near Reach Mime Bridge. 0 The type of interview being used is semi-structured.Questions are prepared in advance, but depending on the situation of the conversation, the researcher can adopt the schedule from interviewee such as asking explanations, omit particular questions which seem inappropriate with interviewee. Questionnaires Questionnaires have two categories are self-administered and interviewer administered. However, as the limitation of time, the researcher uses interviewer administered. Following with that, the type of questionnaire being used is face to face questionnaire. 0 1 . Face to face questionnaire 0 T he researcher comes to meet respondents.During asking, the researcher can explain what respondent might confuse and might also obtain in-depth answers. This method makes the response rates to be obtained. It is easy for researcher can summaries the survey and evaluate results. 0 2. Sample size page 17 The researcher is going to survey the idea of 45 respondents who are of age from 16 to 45 in Ho Chi Mini City. The researcher comes to three main supper market: Maxima Congo Ho, Big C (Hang Van HTH Street) and Coop Mart – Unguent Kim. In each supper market, the researcher chooses 15 people to do the survey.Designing the questionnaire 0 There are two main parts in the questionnaire. They are the questions included and the overall appearance. The questionnaire includes 20 questions. 0 With the appearance, the researcher writes an introduction which shows information about the survey, the introduction points out that the research will not harm respondents such as personal informati on, ideas, and honor. Besides, the questionnaire also has a clear instruction. 0 Types of questions: There are main types of question being used in the questionnaires: 0 closed question, 0 list question, 0 category question and 0 open-ended question.Secondary data The researcher also uses second data which was collected by someone else for their own purpose or for general use. The main sub-group of secondary data being used in this research is documentary data. Documentary include: written materials and non-written materials. With written documentary data, there are sources which will be used: 0 Books: there re books related to research project such as: HON./HAND Business course books which are published by BP Learning Media Ltd. Research Proposal-prepared by DON page 18 0 Newspapers: for example SAA Goon Times. Journal and magazine articles: for example Donna Nan SAA Goon – Entrepreneur With Non-written sources of documentary data: 0 pictures; 0 television programmed, for ex ample, Ben Tree channel, VIVID, VT. 0 Source of second data from internet is important for researcher to conduct the study. Name Internet address Tool Tree http://territories. Van/ News Dona h Nan SAA Goon Online Ben Tree Official Vietnam The Saigon Times http://paper. Admonishingly. Van/ http://English. Bent. Gob. Van/ Comment Up-to-date resource. The website is very famous.It includes several areas such as Business, Politics, Society and etc. Up-to-date resource. Main area is business and financial information The official site of Ben Tree province. Http://Vietnamese. Vengeance. Com. Van/ The national English language daily http:// English. Testimonies. Van/ The business newspaper. It updatability information in business, banking, and finance. Page 19 2. Intended literature This research focuses on how to help Ben Tree Coconut Candy to be developed sustainable by analyzing challenges and opportunities.Following with Porter's five forces, Dong A Company can analyses the business to take advantages as well as reduce threats. 1 . Five forces are: Supplier power: for example, this can impact to inputs on cost. If Dong A has little suppliers, they supply almost input for company, so if they do no supply, company might face problem. Threat of substitutes: challenge from substitute products such as banana candy, chocolate, or marshmallow. Business needs to evaluate this factors as it increase the competition as well as threatens the sales of product.Buyer power: wholesales who are major customers of Dong A Company can have high power of bargaining as they buy a large amount product from company. Threat of new entrants: new coconut manufactures might impact to revenue as well as market share of Ben Tree Coconut Candy. Competitive rivalry: Dong A can know what advantages that company has so that it can against the strength of competition in the candy industry. 2. The interrelation between building the success branding of product and brand loyalty of customer Moreover , to build a strong brand in business, a business needs to satisfy customers.Meghan (1995) states that there is an interrelation between page 20 building the success branding of product and brand loyalty of customer in consumer purchasing patterns. This requires company needs to always remain and develop its quality to meet customer expectation and then to make the brand of product to be stronger. 3. Four As in marketing E. Jerome McCarthy (1960) proposed a four As in marketing which has since been used until today. This theory focused on how to analyses a strategy when business does marketing. Four As includes: product, price, promotion and place.The term â€Å"product† is related to features of product such as brand name, packaging, warranty, quality and support. 0 The term â€Å"price† is likely to be a main factor which attracts customers. It refers to the process of setting price for product, pricing strategy or price discount. 0 Promotion includes advertising, sa les promotion and refers to various methods of promoting product. 0 The term â€Å"place† or distribution refers to how product is sold to customer such as distribution channels. It is clearly that, if Ben Tree Coconut Candy wants to develop and attract more customers, it must build up suitable strategies.Hawkins and Motherboards (2007) states that: â€Å"all marketing decisions are based on assumptions and knowledge of consumer behavior. † One â€Å"official† definition of consumer behavior is â€Å"The study of individuals, groups, or organizations and the processes they use to select, secure, use, and dispose of products, services, experiences, or ideas to satisfy needs and the impacts that these processes have on the consumer and society (Lars Peeper, 2011) Research Project Research Methodology Analysis of factors affecting Online Shopping Submitted by -: Pranav Sood 400907018 Amity Anand 400907031 Mehul Shukla 400907034 Research Methodology Introduction Indian consumers as a whole spend about 55% of the total consumption expenditure on food items. According to a survey conducted by ORG , the expenditure on non-food items has recorded large growth that the expenditure on food items. Consumers decide whether , what, when, from whom, where and How much to buy. They can avail various mediums to buy the products.But currently we are living in the age of internet. According to a study , â€Å"About 44 percent students use Internet in India and overall 72% of young people access Internet on regular basis. Due to the vast usage of Internet, the buying patterns have been changed. It has changed the way goods are purchased and sold, resulting to the exponential growth in the number of online shoppers. However , a lot of differences concerning online buying have been discovered due to the various consumers’ characteristics and the types of provided products and services.Attitude toward online shopping and goal to shop online are not only affected by ease of use, usefulness, and enjoyment, but also by other factors like consumer individuality, situational factors, product distinctiveness, previous online shopping understanding and faith in online shopping. Therefore, understanding who are the ones consuming and why they choose to use or keep away from the Internet as a distribution channel, is a critical matter for both e-marketing managers and consumer thinkers.There are lots of companies which are providing the platform to consumers to buy the products through online. Online consumers tend to be better educated. Higher computer literacy makes internet shopping smarter. Their awareness about the internet also makes them better positioned to identify and take decision for products and services. By the internet, consumers find that th ey no longer have to accept fixed prices for the products and services and through the click of a few buttons the lowest priced, highest quality product can be found.The concept of online shopping developed gradually, after the launch of the World Wide Web. Charles Stack was the first person to create an online book store in 1992. Even Pizza Hut opened an online pizza shop, whereas eBay and Amazon took the concept of online shopping to an entirely new level. Online shopping began in full swing since the year 1996. 1 Research Methodology Overall, 71 million users accessed Internet in year 2009, with 52 Million â€Å"active† users who accessed it atleast once in a month.The first benefit that a customer derives from e-retailing is convenience as it saves time and efforts for today’s time starved customer at the same time providing a plethora of choices for wide category of items and also the luxury of comparing the offerings from different vendors – all at the cli ck of his mouse. Another most obvious benefit of online shopping is the significant discounts that most of these e-retailers provide to attract the customers. Also online stores are usually available 24 hours a day and not limited by global time differences.Searching or browsing an online catalog can be faster than browsing the aisles of a physical store. Along with information about a company and its products, buyers can also have better access to product review and rating systems. However, many people still locate information on the internet and purchase products offline at traditional stores, conversion rate being very low. Research shows that between 65% and 75% of consumers that initiate an online tran saction fail to complete the transaction. Online shopping is the process consumers go through when they decided to shop on the Internet.The Internet has developed into a â€Å"new distribution channel (Hollensen. 2004) and the evolution of this channel has been identified by Smi th and Rupp (2003) to be the most significant contribution of the information revolution. Using the Internet to shop online has become one of the primary reasons to utilize the Internet. Combined with searching for products and finding information about them (Jomes 2003). Smith and Rupp (2003) also state that the consumers have never had access to so many suppliers and productiservice opinions. 2 Research Methodology ProblemAt any given time there are millions of people online and each of them is a potential customer for a company providing online sales. Due to the rapid development of the technologies surrounding the Internet, A company that is interested in selling products from its web site will constantly have to search for an edge in the fierce competition. Since there are so many potential consumers, it is of the out most importance to be able to understand what the consumer wants and needs. The importance of analyzing and identifying factors that influence the consumer when h e or she decides to purchase on the Internet is vital.Since the Internet is a new medium for there have been new demands set by the consumer. That is why it is crucial for the online retailers to know what influences the online consumer. Objectives of the research ? To determine the factors affecting consumer behaviour towards E- Shopping. ? Of the determined factors identify that have major impact on consumer purchase intent. ? To study the product segments preferred during online purchase. Research Approach There are two most commonly used research approaches, the inductive and the deductive method.The inductive research method attempts to set up a theory by using collected data, while the deductive research approach attempts to find the theory first and then test it to the observed data. We chose a deductive research approach for our study as we would move from the more general to the specific. 3 Research Methodology Methodology Initial Phase ? The first step towards our research was to decide on the factors which we will consider for our study. With the resources and the time available we decided to go ahead with the following factors: ? Experience on computers Comparison with Offline channel ? Security of Information ? Money Savings ? Convenience ? Variety ? Previous Experience ? Service of Website ? Product Availability The above factors are made the independent variables and the purchase intent is the dependent variable which would be explained by: ? Online shopping intent. ? Overall perception of online shopping. Hypothesis Formulation ? After determining the factors we made the hypothesis for our research which would be mentioned in the later section. 4 Research Methodology Data Collection Phase ?The next step was to develop a Questionnaire (Annexure-1) that asks questions to the respondents on the above mentioned parameters and also on the products they prefer for online shopping. ? The Questionnaire was designed on the Google docs and the survey was started. Analysis Phase ? After the collection of data (Annexure-2), each factor was tested for normal distribution. ? The process of testing the hypothesis was based on the regression model. Interpretation Phase ? The results from analysis were interpreted and relevant factors were drawn out. ?The research is concluded with the findings. 5 Research Methodology Hypothesis The following are the hypothesis made by us for our research, the model would be based on the assumption that independent variable has a linear relationship with the dependent variable : Null Hypothesis for all tests: H0: Variable has no relation with online shopping intent. Alternate Hypothesis: H1: Security of Information will affect the online purchase intent. H2: Variety of Products affects the online purchase intent. H3: Web Site Quality affects the online purchase intent.H4: Money Savings affects the online purchase intent. H5: Convenience affects the online purchase intent. H6: Discounts Available affects t he online purchase intent. H7: Time Savings affects the online purchase intent. 6 Research Methodology Analysis The first task is to prepare a questionnaire that asks questions to the respondents and on the basis of their responses we can accept or the hypothesis. The detailed questionnaire is given in Anexxure-1. At the last of our questionnaire, we have a question measuring the online shopping intent.The responses would be used to measure dependent variable. Reliability: Since the Cronbach’s Alpha is >0. 7 the data is reliable. Normality: The output sheet (Normality. spv) attached with this report contains the histogram and the normal distribution curve One Sample T-test: One sample T test was conducted to know the significance of these factors and results are shown in the table . And it is evident that p value (0. 000) is less than significance level of 0. 05 for all the factors. 7 Research Methodology Hypothesis Testing:H0: Variable has no relation with online shopping in tent. H1: Security of Information will affect the online purchase intent. Since sig. value < 0. 05, as confirmed by above tables. The null hypothesis is rejected, hence online security has a significant relationship with online shopping intent. 8 Research Methodology H2: Variety of Products affects the online purchase intent. Since sig. value > 0. 05, as confirmed by above tables. We fail to reject null hypothesis , hence product variety has no significant relationship with online shopping intent.H3: Web Site Quality affects the online purchase intent. Since sig. value < 0. 05, as confirmed by above tables. The null hypothesis is rejected, hence web site quality has a significant relationship with online shopping intent. 9 Research Methodology H4: Money Savings affects the online purchase intent Since sig. value < 0. 05, as confirmed by above tables. The null hypothesis is rejected, hence web Money saving has a significant relationship with online shopping intent. H5: Convenience af fects the online purchase intent Since sig. value > 0. 05, as confirmed by above tables.We fail to reject null hypothesis , hence Convienence has no significant relationship with online shopping intent. H6: Discounts Available affects the online purchase intent 10 Research Methodology Since sig. value > 0. 05, as confirmed by above tables. We fail to reject null hypothesis , hence Discounts and offers has no significant relationship with online shopping intent. H7: Time Savings affects the online purchase intent Since sig. value < 0. 05, as confirmed by above tables. We reject null hypothesis , hence Time saving has no significant relationship with online shopping intent. 1 Research Methodology Demographics Analysis What are the category of products most preferred by consumers during online purchase ? This shows that majority of consumers purchase Electronics goods followed by Books and Apparels. How often do consumers go for online shopping (Frequency) ? This concludes that majorit y of consumers shop once in a month followed by once in six months. How much consumers spend in online shopping ? 12 Research Methodology 13 Research Methodology Annexure-1 14 Research Methodology 15 Research Methodology 16 Research Methodology 17

I NDUSTRY R ESEARCH W ORKSHEET Essays - Free Essays

S ECTOR /I NDUSTRY R ESEARCH W ORKSHEET Essays - Free Essays S ECTOR /I NDUSTRY R ESEARCH W ORKSHEET Name: James Musasizi Period: 5 Team Name: Wolf Squad By grouping stocks into sectors and industries, it is easier for investors to evaluate stocks within the same industry and assess the economic strength or weakness of that industry. Go to a stock research website, such as Google Finance or Yahoo! Finance, and find one stock in an industry under each sector listed below. Provide the stock name, ticker symbol, current stock price, and products/services of that company. Sector Industry Name Company Name Ticker Price Product/Services Basic Materials Iron, Steel, mills and Foundries AK Steel Holding Corporation AKS 2.29 Produces flat-rolled carbon, stainless and electrical steels and tubular products through its wholly-owned subsidiary Capital Goods Farm and Construction Machinery Caterpillar INC. CAT 63.65 manufactures and sells construction and mining equipment, diesel and natural gas engines, industrial gas turbines, and diesel-electric locomotives worldwide Conglomerates Conglomerates Mitsubishi Corporation MBC 1,909,42 Conducts infrastructure projects, related trading operations, and other activities in power generation, water transportation, and other infrastructure fields. Consumer, Cyclical Television Broadcasting Nexstar Broadcasting INC. NXST 44.82 The Company owned, operated, programmed or provided sales and other services to 87 television stations and 26 digital multicast channels in 49 markets Consumer, Non-cyclical Commercial Fishing Omega Protein Corporation OME 16.54 The Company operates through two segments: animal nutrition and human nutrition. The animal nutrition segment consists primarily of two subsidiaries: Omega Protein, Inc. (Omega Protein) and Omega Shipyard, Inc. Energy Oil and Gas Drilling Atwood Oceanies, Inc ATW 14.35 A global offshore drilling contractor engaged in the drilling and completion of exploratory and developmental oil and gas wells. Financial Real Estate Services SouFun Holdings Ltd SFUN 5.82 Supports online communities and networks of users seeking information on, and services for, the real estate and home-related sectors in China. Healthcare Specialty and Advanced Pharmaceuticals Rockwell Medical Inc RMTI 7.86 A biopharmaceutical company targeting end-stage renal disease and chronic kidney disease with products and services for the treatment of iron deficiency, secondary hyperparathyroidism and hemodialysis. Industrial Goods Cement Cemex, S.A.B. de C.V. Sponsored CX 89.1 A building materials company, produces, markets, distributes, and sells cement, ready-mix concrete, aggregates, and other construction materials in Mexico, the United States, Northern Europe, the Mediterranean, South America, the Caribbean, and Asia. Services Grocery Stores Tesco PLC TSCO 174.95 It is engaged in the retail banking and insurance services through Tesco Bank in the United Kingdom Bank. Technology Computer Hardware Apple INC. AAPL 110.17 Designs, manufactures and markets mobile communication and media devices, personal computers, and portable digital music players, and a variety of related software. Telecommunications Wireless Telecommunication Services ATT INC. T 32.96 The Company provides telecommunications services. Its services and products include wireless communications, data/broadband and Internet services, video services, local exchange services, long-distance services, telecommunications equipment, managed networking and wholesale services. Transportation Courier Services Air T , INC AIRT 17.67 The ground equipment sales segment consists of its Global Ground Support, LLC (GGS) subsidiary, manufactures and provides mobile deicers to passenger and cargo airlines, airports, the military and industrial customers. Utilities Natural Gas Utilities Energy Transfer Partners

APA Referencing What You Need to Know

APA Referencing What You Need to Know APA Referencing: What You Need to Know Although produced by the American Psychological Association, APA referencing is now used to cite sources in a variety of academic fields (not just the social sciences). Knowing the basics of APA referencing is therefore important for any college student. In today’s post, we run through a few important facts about APA referencing, including its background and the format you should use for in-text citations. What is APA Style? APA style and APA referencing are set out in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, which covers various elements of style and formatting as well as citing sources. First published in 1974, the APA manual is designed to ensure that academic writers communicate â€Å"with a minimum of distraction and a maximum of precision.† The APA’s simple-but-clear referencing system is part of this. APA Citations APA referencing uses parenthetical citations, meaning basic source information is provided in the main body of your document. For the majority of source types, APA citations require you to give an author surname and year of publication (along with relevant page numbers if you’re quoting a source directly): Ciabatta is â€Å"one of the most famous Italian breads† (D’Acampo, 2011, p. 22). Note that the name, year and page number are separated by commas in APA citations; it’s also important to remember that the page number is preceded by â€Å"p.† in these citations. The format changes a little when the author is named in the text. In these cases, the year of publication is given immediately after the name, but any page numbers still appear after the quoted text: D’Acampo (2011) claims that â€Å"Tuscan bread is well known for being low in salt† (p. 33). APA Reference Lists In addition to in-text citations, APA referencing requires all sources to be listed with full publication information at the end of your document. This reference list should: List all sources cited in your document (do not list sources you haven’t cited) Invert the names of authors (surname first, followed by initials) Order sources alphabetically by author surname List multiple works by the same author chronologically, earliest first Italicize all journal and book titles Use a half-inch hanging indent for each line after the first in an entry Provide all names of authors for any text with up to seven authors; for texts with more than seven authors, simply list the first six then add the final author after an ellipsis Capitalize only the first word and proper nouns in titles and subtitles The precise information required for each source varies depending on format but will generally include details about the author(s), title and publisher. The D’Acampo book cited above, for instance, would appear in the reference list as: D’Acampo, G. (2011). Italian home baking. London: Kyle Books. And after finishing your reference list, why not treat yourself to a nice ciabatta?

European union law free movemenet of goods Case Study

European union law free movemenet of goods - Case Study Example c) Denmark has passed a law banning the use of plastic packaging and requiring the use of recyclable materials instead, such as paper or aluminium foil. SCP's Cheesy Snax have always been sold in plastic packs, and no other material is as effective in keeping them fresh. d) Ireland has passed a law requiring all food products to be guaranteed free from genetically modified (GM) produce. SCP goes to great lengths to ensure that it does not knowingly use GM products, but it knows that it cannot be absolutely sure that the ingredients it buys are totally free from contamination. 2. The case of Keck drew a distinction between rules relating to the goods themselves and rules relating to selling arrangements. Do you consider that this distinction is a useful or practical way of determining which rules are contrary to Article 28, EC Treaty 1. The questions and issues pertaining hereto relate to obstacles to internal trade in the European Community. As counsel I would approach each case by looking firstly into the municipal legislation and the existence of harmonisation and attempt the procedural removal of the related obstacles from that direction. Where no such harmonisation was made, the approach will be taken from the concept of mutual recognition under Article 30 of the Treaty of Rome. The obstacles herein are obviously not fiscal, so analysis of their natures will also be made whether the bases fall under the mandatory requirements1 or justified exceptional grounds (to Article 30) for prohibitions or restrictions or whether they do constitute arbitrary discrimination or disguised restriction on trade between Member States.2 Only when the proper evaluation of the factual and legal issues is made can the proper remedies be considered and taken in the proper fora. 1.a. France. In this particular case, the subject matter relates to food which is already subject to harmonisation and the French ban is made on the basis of a preservative SO2. Any relief can only be made pursuant to EU regulations on the matter of food safety, in this case Regulation (EC) No. 178/2002 which has a horizontal effect. Determination must be made whether the ban on SO2 containing foodstuffs was made based on risk analysis under Article 6 of the said regulation or as a precautionary measure pursuant to Article 7 thereof. The problem only stated that said ban was made after the publication of one scientific study suggesting carcinogenic tendencies in food products containing the said preservative despite the existence of contrary findings of many other scientific studies. In other words, the scientific study was not a risk assessment within the context of Regulation No. 178/2002. Furthermore, it was not a risk management measure and could not have taken into account the opinion of the European Food Safety Authority or the factors of proportionality and non-restrictiveness of trade under Article 7 of the said regulation. On such ground, I would advice SCP to pursue an initial claim in the French government for the suspension of the ban and the conduct of a proper and independent risk assessment based on all available scientific evidence on the matter. If denied, the proper claim may be made in the French Court of First Instance for the relief of the ban and an appeal in the Supreme Court if denied. If further denied, a

Anorexia Nervosa in Today's Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Anorexia Nervosa in Today's Society - Essay Example Although Anorexia Nervosa mostly affects female population aged 15 - 30, girls under 15 and women above 30 can suffer from this disorder as well. Thus, the oldest patient reported was a woman of 68 without any prior history of eating disorders (Dally, 1984). Anorexia affects certain share of male population: estimated 10 to 15 percent of people with anorexia are men. The highest occurrence of anorexia among males is reported in the age group of young adolescents from 7 to 14 years: nearly 25 percent of anorexia cases in this age group are boys (Herman-Giddens et al, 1997). Experts identify two types of Anorexia Nervosa: food restricting type, and binge eating (purging). The most common characteristic of the restricting type is substantial reduction in calories intake (normally to 300 to 700 kcal per day) and intensive physical over-exercising. By contrast, in the binging type intake of calories may be either small or as high as several thousand followed by purging - self-induced or pharmacologically conditioned vomiting (Yager & Andersen, 2005: 1481). Health complications resulting from either type of this eating disorder affect practically all biological systems of human organism. Anorexia Nervosa poses a number of threats in terms of mental and physiological health. Similarly to other eating disorders Anorexia Nervosa frequently co-occur with depression, substance abuse and anxiety disorders (APAWGED, 2000). Physiologically Anorexia Nervosa causes a wide range of health complications some of which - cardiovascular conditions and kidney failure - are life threatening. However, despite the awareness of the risks associated with anorexia, it is on the rise these days, and a number of laymen and experts even believe that anorexia has already become a norm in modern society. A brief inquiry into the etiology of this eating disorder reveals the reasons for such seemingly strange point of view. MAIN DISCUSSION The cause of Anorexia Nervosa isn't fully understood at present. Possible causes of this eating disorder are: destructive influence of family and society, genetic (inherited) factors, brain dysfunction, neurotransmitter levels imbalances, etc. Yet, none of these factors has been proved to be the key determinant of developing Anorexia as well as no specific life experiences are linked to onset of this eating disorder. Several recent twin studies suggest that Anorexia Nervosa is more than other eating disorders associated with a genetic predisposition (Paris, 1999). Many recent studies associate the risk of developing Anorexia Nervosa with media influence. Evidences and arguments provided by these studies deserve particular attention: media influence may be one of the central factors in extremely high incidence of Anorexia Nervosa among female adolescents. Absolute majority of anorexia nervosa incidents occur in female population: according to estimations of American Psychiatric Association

Characteristics of Personal Mastery and Effective Team Learning Essay - 1

Characteristics of Personal Mastery and Effective Team Learning - Essay Example As the paper stresses learning organizations help all people to continuously expand their capacities to create results that they truly desire, and new and extensive ways of thinking are nourished, facilitates collective aspirations and constant learning to learn together. Thus, contemporary management believes that organizational learning is a multidimensional process, and is not possible through traditional one-way thinking. Personal mastery and team learning are two competencies that help employees to improve their awareness and realization of management tasks and decision making. This awareness and learning will further help managers to maximize the potential of their employees; to achieve optimum results; encourage employees to think creatively and analyse situations from different perspectives. From the report it is clear that the concept of personal mastery involves cultivation of personal impetus to continually learn how actions affect an individual’s external and internal world. Without an attempt to gain personal mastery, individuals will never realize the root cause of issues and problems that do not seem to have any solution; individuals tend to view these issues and problems as highly complex and intertwined and impossible to understand or resolve. Learning is the fundamental ground to personal mastery, which should eventually and continually lead to re-creating oneself. A continuous process of learning helps individuals to bring about a paradigm shift in their thinking and approach, and help in achieving goals that once seemed unachievable.

Global Patterns of Earthquakes

Global Patterns of Earthquakes Achievement Standard Geography 91432: Analyse aspects of a geographic topic at a global scale. (Parshotam) Task 1: Describe the global pattern of earthquakes, including maps in your answer. An earthquake is defined by GNS Science, as a â€Å"sudden motion or trembling in the crust caused by the abrupt release of accumulated stress along a fault, a break in the Earth’s crust.†[1] As seen below from the map representing data between 2000 and 2008 there is a major peripheral pattern of ‘Global earthquake activity’ focused around the exterior of the earth’s tectonic plates. This is evident from the similarities in comparison to the second map below showing the ‘Global plate boundaries of the earth’.[2] These plate boundaries accurately follow the same shape, size and location of the thin red and bright multi-coloured linear outlining in the first, validating this claim. The most intense locations of earthquake activity are concentrated in a linear pattern in locations of the earth where continental plates interact with oceanic plates. This is illustrated by the multi-coloured bright regions indicating heavy earthquake activity of ranging depth in the earth’s crust in the Western regions of South America, the South East Asian islands, Japan, the far Eastern boarders of Russia, the South Western edges of Alaska, New Zealand and Central America. The information provided here is validated with background research ranking Japan, Indonesia and Chile as first, second and third in the world in terms of countries with the most 6.5+ magnitude earthquake events in 2014.[3] Japan accumulated 72 occurrences, Indonesia 52 and Chile 43. Other noteworthy countries include Papa New Guinea ranked 4th at 40, Mexico ranked 6th at 32, Alaska ranked 9th at 25, Peru ranked 10th at 23 Russia ranked 12th at 20 and New Zealand ranked 18th at 14; all countries included in the heavy earthquake activity regions. Also seen from the ‘Global earthquake activity’ map, there are scattered occurrences of shallow earthquake activity in the middle of the tectonic plates shown from the small distribution of red dots over E astern Africa for example. This is due to the global pattern of fault lines. The map seen on the next page shows the layout of earth’s major fault lines which explains this smaller scattered pattern of earthquake activity. The location of scatter follows the same alignment as the fault outlines on the ‘Major global fault lines’ map.[4] This is exemplified from the red scatter, on the â€Å"Global earthquake activity’ map, throughout Ethiopia, Sudan, Kenya and South Sudan for example which corresponds with the fault line of the Central African Shear Zone fault system illustrated running through Eastern Africa. Task 2: Fully explain the factors and/or processes contributing to the global pattern of earthquakes. As defined by GSI Science earthquakes are releases of stress through the interaction of tectonic plates. These tectonic plates are compacted into a patchwork like arrangement to form the Earth’s lithosphere, its outer shell which is comprised of the crust and uppermost mantle (the individual layer of upper mantle which is closest to the surface of the earth). The plates are made up of several large plates being, the Eurasian plate, the North American plate, the African plate, South American plate, the Antarctic plate and the Pacific plate with a few other minor plates in between. Most plates range from 4 to 40 miles in width and consist of both continental crust and oceanic crust. Beneath the lithosphere of the Earth’s tectonic plates is a much hotter and softer layer, called the asthenosphere. A process occurs where due to the amount of pressure and extreme temperatures the rock of the asthenosphere is able to morph and therefore it moves and flows, creating convection currents from radiating hotspots centring from the inner earth which affect the movement of the plates, termed continental drift[5]. The diagram to the left illustrates the relation of levels which contribute to the movement of tectonic plates. This is very slow though, only up to 100mm per year. Due to the heat of the asthenosphere the lithosphere lying above is brittle and therefore susceptible to breaks in the form of faults. Earthquakes are created through three different forms of plate interaction: Convergence is one such interaction where two plates collide, and this region of meeting in the Earth’s crust is called a subduction zone or convergence boundary. When the two plates collide, one is forced to slowly scrape over, under or alongside the other. Resulting from the pressure of these movements, the crust gives way and a fault ruptures releasing an earthquake. During the collision of tectonic plates, the denser plate with more mass forces the lighter plate underneath it. This process is called subduction, hence subduction zone. The plate that is forced down is destroyed and is completely melted as it submerges into magma of the asthenosphere underneath the crust. This is how plate boundaries are altered over time. Volcanic activity is produced from subduction where, as the plate is forced down and melted due to the pressure and heat it turns into magma. Pockets of the magma created finds channels to the surface in the form of volcanoes. On December 26th 2004 an earth quake was generated off the coast of Sumatra when the India and Burma plate converged. The India plate was subducted and the India Ocean tsunami was triggered.[6] There are multiple situations where Convergence operates, where ocean crust interacts with oceanic crust, where oceanic crust interacts with continental crust and where continental crust interacts with continental crust seen in the following diagrams.[7] Seen from the diagram to the left where oceanic crust meets oceanic crust island arcs and deep marine trenched are formed which are examples of visible creases in the Earth’s crust as a result of subduction. Island arcs and oceanic trenches occur when both of the plates are made of oceanic crust. The Mariana Trench in Honolulu Hawaii is an example of a result from this process. Where continental crust meets continental crust spectacular mountain ranges are formed as both plates are too light to be sub ducted so the collision forces the crust upwards. The Himalayas mountain range and the Tibetan Plateau were results of this process when the Australian-India Plate collided with the Eurasian Plate north of India. Divergence is another type of plate interaction. This is a process where two plates separate from each other and a rift, a gap, is produced and widens eventually creating a rift valley, a larger linear rift. Divergent boundaries that occur between oceanic plates produce mid-oceanic ridges. In areas of rifts molten lava can rise and fill which cools reacting with the water and create new crust material, forming new landmasses potentially altering the landscape. Oceans can be formed when plates diverge and water fills the rift valley between the two land masses. This process is called sea floor spreading where the Red Sea exemplifies this process. Transformation is the third type of plate interaction which occurs when two plates slide past each other. From this movement the crust of both plates remains unchanged. However stress is stored in the plates from the friction of moving past and aggregates until the amount of stress surpasses the threshold. Energy is released suddenly in a shift of the plates in opposite directions relative to each other and an earthquake occurs. The earthquake impact is focused on an epicentre location. An example of this is the San Andreas Fault running through California resulting from the friction created from the Pacific Plate and North American. This fault is responsible for the linear pattern of red on the South West of Coast of the United States seen on the ‘Global earthquake activity’ map. As previously stated earthquakes are not only active on tectonic plate boundaries but also fault lines. Fault lines are created due to stresses in the earth’s crust and fractures occur where rock has been disturbed, which can range in length from metres or thousands of kilometres. Fault lines are considered active â€Å"if a fault shows evidence of having moved at least once in the past 100,000 years.†[8] With this the fault is hazardous and a risk of earthquake activity. Once a fault line has been formed future earthquakes are conducted along it. With the exception of earthquakes which take place at a depth of 600km+ all earthquakes are channelled along fault lines. Spectacular mountain ranges such as the Southern Alps can be created also as a result of this process where thousands or millions of years of repeated earthquake activity along one major fault line, the Alpine Fault, build up into extreme dislocations of crust. Different to the earthquake activity generated along plate boundaries seismic waves are produced along fault lines through the rapid interaction of the opposing parallel crust.[9] A process is a sequence of related actions which modify or maintain an environment. There are several processes which crust along fault lines carry out to generate seismic waves and subsequent earthquake activity.[10] [11] Where the two crusts of a fault line are being pulled apart the interaction is termed ‘Normal faulting’. In this situation the hanging wall, which is the crust positioned higher shifts downward, lower than the footwall, the crust which is initially positioned lower. ‘Reverse faulting’ occurs on horizontal ground when the two crusts are instead being compressed together resulting in the hanging wall shifting upwards, over the footwall. Where reverse faulting occurs on sloped land, it is known as thrust faulting. Crusts on ‘Strike slip’ faults shift sideways, laterally past to each other. This type of faulting is unique in comparison to Normal and Reverse as there are no hanging walls or footwalls due to this being on a strike, horizontal ground, instead of a dip so the fault is on vertical ground. All three types of fault processes can be seen in an ‘Oblique slip’ where a combination of these shifts occurs. Strike slips are both right lateral and left lateral. Task 3: Explain in detail and evaluate the social and economic significance for people affected by earthquakes. Over time, earthquakes have had a range of impacts on the cultural and natural landscape of the world with both positive and negative consequences. The people most affected by these impacts are the people living in the countries which lie on the plate boundaries and fault lines. New Zealand’s natural landscape has been largely affected by earthquakes and is a prime example to showcase the long term results. Beautiful scenery such, as the Southern Alps, can be created and be of great economic significance for a country by contributing to the tourism industry as a popular feature. This is specifically seen in Queenstown, a location with much mountainous relief where snow sports like snowboarding and skiing is available and popular. Where these spectacles are created they can be of major significance to the country as this is a long term effect which has the potential to earn large amounts of income for the country’s GDP and be a permanent anchor for the tourism industry which it has proven to be in New Zealand. This effect is beneficial socially also as mountains such as these are available for use for the world to enjoy, however only the countries which the mountains are in will prosper economically. Earthquakes are also capable of causing large scale death and injuries when occurring in an region of high population density. This was demonstrated by the 2010 earthquake in Haiti on January 12th where there were over 300,000 people injured and an estimated 220,000 casualties.[12] Depending on the magnitude of the earthquake and the location of where it happened to be able to cause the necessary destruction in order for such wide spread death and injury to occur. But when the full effects of an earthquake are felt the social impacts are extreme, seen in the figures previously mentioned. This is a long term effect as the pain suffered from losing a loved one will stay with the victims of the earthquake for the rest of their lives. The physical pain endured can also be intense when the case is severe so because of this the victims will be much more affected by death and injury than the other people of the world in unaffected countries. I believe this effect to have greater significanc e over that of a hindered economy where as the statistics have shown, regions can improve their economy and standard of living in a reasonably short time and the effects will be reversed, however death and serious injury such as amputation can never be reversed. Earthquakes have proven to also be detrimental to the economy of the country affected by destroying valuable exports or urban features and environments which cost to be rebuilt and replaced. An example of this effect is seen where as a result of the demolition of the February 2011 earthquake in Christchurch the New Zealand economy shrunk by an estimated 6%-8% which â€Å"is equivalent to the economic impact from severe recession.†[13] It is also noted that, coupled with the economic impacts of the September 2010 earthquake the fall in New Zealand’s GDP was around 8%-11%.Similar to the effect of death and injury this impact focuses mainly on the people living in the affected country. It varies in terms of being a major impact or not seen in the paragraph below it can be short term and is possible to reverse if the economy is strong enough to be resilient. From the effects a recession as the economic consequences were compared to, there will be falls in employment, dispos able income and savings etc. but this also depends on the magnitude of the earthquake and the harshness of the destruction. Surely economies can be crippled as a result of the destruction of an earthquake, which Christchurch’s was not and therefore it did not remain at that level of severity due to redevelopment. It can be a major impact to the extent of death and injury but in more economically developed countries it is not. As previously mentioned strong earthquakes which occur in dense urban areas, like cities, wreak much destruction where the seismic waves generated are able to collapse the buildings and infrastructure. This is exemplified from the results of the Haiti earthquake where â€Å"over 188,383 houses were badly damaged and 105,000 were destroyed.†12 Mental and emotional damages such as trauma, fear of another earthquake and the stress of rebuilding and carrying on with life ensue as consequentially1.5 million people were left without a home. This meant many families were faced with the struggle to survive and eventual relocation of their lives. This with the additional loss of incomes for people who lost their business and places of work and hindered of opportunity for kid’s education, where it is recorded 4000 schools were destroyed or damaged, shows earthquake pose as severe threats to the social wellbeing of the world. This impact is major also and again limited to the vict ims of the event. People’s livelihoods are being endangered and therefore this effect is as serious as death and injury. Homelessness, job losses, lack of education are all risking the futures of the victims where it is a possibility, if the earthquake occurred in an less economically developed country the economy may not be as resilient as that of an more economically developed country. People in LEDC’s are more vulnerable to fall into poverty after a major earthquake. Redevelopment, however, is a beneficial economic effect that earthquakes can make. Multiple factors of a city or country’s economy can be positively impacted such as the availability of new job opportunities. This is as workers will be employed to clean up and clear the debris and rubble from the left over destruction and construction/development firms will be in heavy demand in order to rebuild the damaged and levelled areas. Where employment rises there will be an increased demand for goods and services as more households are willing and able. From this more income can be taxed tax giving the government revenue and ability to aid in the redevelopment and expand the economy which is seen as $16 billion has been generated as a result of Christchurch’s redevelopment increasing New Zealand’s Real GDP. The economic growth made possible by earthquake redevelopment is validated by the statistic that 9 months after the February earthquake the Christchurch economy was g rowing between 1-3% every 3 months, more than the national economy growth. Rejuvenation of an economy is positive and major impact. As seen in Christchurch it can lift a city and it’s people out of despair and it will soon be restored as a major New Zealand city. However as mentioned before redevelopment has varying levels of success and is not as effective in some cases as others. Along with economic growth, resulting from mass redevelopment, locations affected by earthquake activity can become more modern and beautiful which will in turn attract high levels of population, increasing population density and again employment. Landmarks of historical significance can be lost as a result of earthquakes such as bridges of churches. This loss can cause much grief to those who valued the landmark’s significance and it can also be detrimental to the location’s sense of identity as such features can play a large factor in the region’s history and significance as a place. An example of this is Christchurch’s cathedral which was more than a century old, built in the second half of the 19th century was damaged beyond safety and therefore was demolished. This is not a major impact when considering the horrific possibilities of widespread poverty and mass death. Also to some history may not be as important as it is to others and if the landmark is not a key point in the country’s GDP, loss of it will not create serious negative economic consequences. This however is long term as history can never be rebuilt or recreated entirely. [1] http://www.gns.cri.nz/Home/Learning/Science-Topics/Earthquakes/Earthquakes-at-a-Plate-Boundary [2] http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/current/lectures/evolving_earth/evolving_earth.html [3] http://www.world-earthquakes.com/index.php?option=ethq_statistics [4] http://www.gsi.ie/Education/Geology+for+Everyone/Plate+Tectonics.htm [5] https://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Asthenosphere.html [6] http://www.gsi.ie/Education/Geology+for+Everyone/Plate+Tectonics.htm [7] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergent_boundary [8] http://www.gns.cri.nz/Home/Learning/Science-Topics/Earthquakes/Earthquakes-and-Faults/When-is-a-Fault-Active [9] http://www.gns.cri.nz/Home/Learning/Science-Topics/Earthquakes/Earthquakes-and-Faults [10] http://www.gns.cri.nz/Home/Learning/Science-Topics/Earthquakes/Earthquakes-and-Faults/Different-types-of-Faults [11] http://geology.about.com/library/bl/blnutshell_fault-type.htm [12] http://www.dec.org.uk/haiti-earthquake-facts-and-figures [13] http://ccdu.govt.nz/faq/economy